Definition

1. Adjective (Philosophy):

   • A posteriori: Pertaining to knowledge or justification derived from experience, observation, or empirical evidence. It contrasts with "a priori" knowledge, which is independent of experience.

2. Adverb (Philosophy):

   • In an a posteriori manner: Describes the process of reasoning, knowing, or establishing truth based on sensory experience or factual evidence.

Usage Examples

• Adjective:

  • Kiến thức hậu nghiệm dựa trên quan sát thế giới. (A posteriori knowledge is based on observing the world.)
  • Đó là một kết luận mang tính hậu nghiệm. (That is a conclusion of an a posteriori nature.)

• Adverb:

  • Chúng ta chỉ có thể biết điều đó một cách hậu nghiệm. (We can only know that in an a posteriori manner.)

Advanced Usage

• In epistemology and philosophy of science, "hậu nghiệm" is a fundamental term used to categorize propositions, arguments, or concepts that require empirical verification.
  • Sự thật của định đề này được chứng minh một cách hậu nghiệm. (The truth of this proposition is proven a posteriori.)

Variants and Related Words

• Tiên nghiệm (a priori): The direct antonym, referring to knowledge or reasoning independent of experience.
  • Sự đối lập giữa tiên nghiệm và hậu nghiệm. (The opposition between a priori and a posteriori.)

Synonyms

• Empirical: Based on, concerned with, or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic.
• Experiential: Involving or based on experience.

Related Concepts

• Chủ nghĩa kinh nghiệm (Empiricism): The theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience.
• Phán đoán tổng hợp (Synthetic judgment): A judgment whose predicate is not contained in the subject, often requiring a posteriori verification.

1. (triết học) A posteriori